Coherent phase modulators on Ti-indiffused lithium niobate waveguides

An exact statement about single Ti:LiNbO3 waveguide phase-modulators made on Z-cut and X-cut substrates is reported. The optimal placement of the electrodes with respect to the optical channel waveguide is discussed. The optical analysis of channel inhomogeneous anisotropic waveguide is carried-out by the effective refractive index method together with the transformation matrix approach. At the microwaves the analysis is done by conformal mapping and multiple images methods. The results are given in a graphical form.