From the middle of the 5th century B.C. onwards, owing to advancements in medical science, Greek cities were planned also on the basis of hygienic principles such as the proper drainage of meteoric waters and the convenient supply of clean drinking water. Orientation was also taken into account, whereby the prevailing wind regime was observed to ensure that the streets were not too windy. Therefore, the road network was created to accommodate the climate. Furthermore, the network of drainage channels was also carefully designed to avoid water stagnating, as this was a source of epidemics. For this reason, fortifications were designed which, using special devices, facilitated the drainage of storm water. In private dwellings, the water was supplied by wells or cisterns which collected rainwater and which were usually located under the inner courtyards. From the Hellenistic period onwards, the houses were also equipped with private sanitary facilities, which diverted their waste water into the street sewers. Kos was founded in 366 B.C. following an urban Hippodamian scheme and the principles of hygiene established by Hippokrates, the physician born in Kos in the second half of the 5th cent. B.C. The Italian excavations of 1912-1945 and the more recent ones carried out by the Greek Archaeological Service revealed a complex water-supply system based on the integration, in Imperial times, of a water network established during the founding of the city. In Kos, the water supply made use of abundant natural springs located in the hills south-east of the settlement. This system remained in use during the Imperial age, and was used by the numerous baths erected during that period. Probably for urban hygiene reasons, in Kos commercial activities were mostly organised outside the city walls, in the squares at the inner port and near the eastern landing, with retail activities occurring in the streets immediately adjacent to the agora. The careful organisation of functions and of the their spaces is one of the most noticeable features of the careful urban planning of the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, and Kos constitutes an excellent case-study.

Dalla metà del V secolo a.C., grazie ai progressi della scienza medica, anche la città iniziò ad essere pianificata secondo i principi dell’igiene urbana, come l’installazione di sistemi di smaltimento delle acque meteoriche e di scarico e la ricerca di buoni approvvigionamenti di acqua potabile. Si tenne conto anche dell’orientamento, osservando il regime dei venti prevalenti, in modo da evitare strade troppo ventose, disegnando la rete viaria in modo da favorire un clima ottimale; anche la rete di smaltimento delle acque meteoriche venne tracciata insieme alla rete urbana, come misura per evitare ristagni pericolosi per la salute, fonte di epidemie, il che coinvolgeva anche il progetto delle mura urbiche che, con l’installazione di appositi canali, non avrebbero creato un ostacolo allo smaltimento. Nelle abitazioni private, l’acqua era fornita da pozzi o cisterne per l’acqua piovana, sistemate sotto le corti interne. Già dall’età ellenistica le case erano anche fornite di servizi igienici che scaricavano nei vicini condotti fognarii stradali. La città di Kos venne fondata per sinecismo nel 366 a.C. sulla base di un piano di tipo ippodameo e seguendo i principi di igiene formulati da Ippocrate, nato proprio nell’isola alla metà del V secolo. Gli scavi italiani del 1912-1945 e i nuovi scavi del Servizio Archeologico greco hanno messo in luce un complesso sistema di approvvigionamento dell’acqua basato sull’integrazione in età romana di una rete idrica già impostata fin dalla fondazione della città, che contava su numerose sorgenti site sulle colline a Sud-Ovest. Il sistema continuò per tutta l’età imperiale e divenne funzionale anche agli edifici termali eretti in quel periodo. Probabilmente sempre per ragioni di igiene urbana, anche le attività commerciali furono per lo più organizzate fuori dalle mura, nelle piazze presso il porto interno e quello orientale, con la vendita al minuto nelle strade immediatamente vicine alla piazza agorale. L’attenta organizzazione degli spazi e delle loro funzioni appare una delle più interessanti caratteristiche della pianificazione urbana del periodo tardo classico ed ellenistico e il caso di Kos permette di tracciarne un’immagine più dettagliata.

The infrastructure of a Hellenistic town and its persistence in Imperial period: the case of Kos / Livadiotti, Monica. - In: THIASOS. - ISSN 2279-7297. - ELETTRONICO. - 7.2:(2018), pp. 39-75.

The infrastructure of a Hellenistic town and its persistence in Imperial period: the case of Kos

Livadiotti, Monica
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
2018-01-01

Abstract

From the middle of the 5th century B.C. onwards, owing to advancements in medical science, Greek cities were planned also on the basis of hygienic principles such as the proper drainage of meteoric waters and the convenient supply of clean drinking water. Orientation was also taken into account, whereby the prevailing wind regime was observed to ensure that the streets were not too windy. Therefore, the road network was created to accommodate the climate. Furthermore, the network of drainage channels was also carefully designed to avoid water stagnating, as this was a source of epidemics. For this reason, fortifications were designed which, using special devices, facilitated the drainage of storm water. In private dwellings, the water was supplied by wells or cisterns which collected rainwater and which were usually located under the inner courtyards. From the Hellenistic period onwards, the houses were also equipped with private sanitary facilities, which diverted their waste water into the street sewers. Kos was founded in 366 B.C. following an urban Hippodamian scheme and the principles of hygiene established by Hippokrates, the physician born in Kos in the second half of the 5th cent. B.C. The Italian excavations of 1912-1945 and the more recent ones carried out by the Greek Archaeological Service revealed a complex water-supply system based on the integration, in Imperial times, of a water network established during the founding of the city. In Kos, the water supply made use of abundant natural springs located in the hills south-east of the settlement. This system remained in use during the Imperial age, and was used by the numerous baths erected during that period. Probably for urban hygiene reasons, in Kos commercial activities were mostly organised outside the city walls, in the squares at the inner port and near the eastern landing, with retail activities occurring in the streets immediately adjacent to the agora. The careful organisation of functions and of the their spaces is one of the most noticeable features of the careful urban planning of the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, and Kos constitutes an excellent case-study.
2018
The infrastructure of a Hellenistic town and its persistence in Imperial period: the case of Kos / Livadiotti, Monica. - In: THIASOS. - ISSN 2279-7297. - ELETTRONICO. - 7.2:(2018), pp. 39-75.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11589/124958
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