A stochastic approach for power and reserve programming in EV-based DC microgrid

The integration of electric vehicles in power systems through direct current microgrid solutions with renewable sources and storage could enable the vehicle-to-grid technology and the provision of programmable power exchange profiles with the distribution system. The uncertainties in the forecast of photovoltaic power production and in electric vehicle state at parking arrival time implies the need of energy management solutions based on stochastic operation programming. In this paper, day-ahead energy management procedure for a microgrid including internal reserve provision by energy storage and electric vehicles to deal with these uncertainties is proposed. Simulations are carried out on a realistic electric vehicle supply infrastructure with proper vehicle usage.