Carbon emission evaluation for stationary storage systems in EV parking lots

With the wide spread of electric vehicles and relevant grid-powered charging infrastructures, a safe and lowcarbon integration in power systems is particularly challenging, due to variation of electricity generation mix over different time frames. As moving towards a fully green energy system, optimizing energy consumption during low-carbon periods, especially with suitable energy storage systems, can have substantial environmental advantages. In this article, the influence of stationary storage inclusion into electric vehicle parking lots on weekly operation is assessed by means of optimal daily schedule considering economic (cost minimization) and environmental (indirect carbon emission minimization) targets. Different storage sizes and EV charging rates are examined for assessing better exploitations in different weeks of operation. The evaluation of EV smart charging in combination with storage is considered as well. Results show the advantage of integrating battery storage system into the parking lot, achieving cost reduction as well as carbon emission reduction for most of charging rates considered. Further contributions in economic and environmental benefits are reached by implementing EV smart charging scheduling.