Systematic analysis and optimization of operational delay factors in port supply chains using a hybrid DEMATEL-OPA-DGRA approach

Amid global supply chain disruptions, seaports play a critical role in maintaining goods flow. However, operational delays remain a key challenge in port supply chains. This study systematically identifies and ranks factors contributing to these delays using a hybrid methodology that combines the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), the Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA), and Dynamic Grey Relational Analysis (DGRA). Five main criteria of operational delays in ports were assessed: port management, shipping and navigation, port terminal operator, customs, and cargo owners. The study's results identified 'Poor management of goods flow' and 'Customs-related issues' within port management as the most critical factors contributing to delays. Additionally, 'Ship structure' and 'Late arrival of ships' were highlighted as significant contributors under the shipping and navigation category. Notably, 'Operational cost optimization' and 'Expertise of operational staff' were found to be pivotal in the port terminal operator category, reflecting their substantial impact on operational efficiency. This study reveals interdependencies among delay factors and highlights essential intervention points to enhance port functionality. The findings suggest strategies to improve global trade efficiency and economic stability in coastal regions through better supply chain management, ultimately enhancing port resilience by enabling more robust and reliable operations during disruptions.