The evolution of circular economy performance assessment: A systematic literature review

Circular economy (CE) paradigm is applied in organisations at different levels (companies, supply chains, and ecosystems) to maximise resource use and minimize waste generation, presenting itself as an alternative to the traditional linear economy. However, a gap persists in the availability of standardised, comprehensive methods for assessing CE performance across diverse sectors and levels. Current methodologies often lack consistency, comparability, and applicability to complex systems, highlighting the need for further improvement, mainly considering the growing interest in adopting CE practices, also in compliance with emerging standards and frameworks (e.g., ISO 59000 and Digital Product Passport (DPP)). To support and theoretically ground the filling of these gaps, a systematic literature review (SLR) exploring the evolution of CE performance assessment methods has been conducted by considering as main drivers of analysis the type of variables analysed in the circular systems, the layer of the triple bottom line of the sustainability addressed, and the stage of the system lifecycle considered. It updates and compares the results obtained with those presented in a previous work analysing literature in the same domain up to 2018. The results showed that Life Cycle Assessment remains the most widely used method for lifecycle environmental impact assessment of circular systems, followed by Multi Criteria Decision Making, particularly in End-of-Life and for sustainability aspects. Alternative methods highlight the need for innovation, with some studies proposing industry-specific indicators or combined approaches. Finally, a comprehensive framework is needed to evaluate both positive and negative impacts; standardised Key Performance Indicators, aligned with ISO 59020:2024 and interoperable with DPP, would enhance consistency; and a unified methodology should be developed for CE assessment across all levels, ensuring resource efficiency and sustainability.