Semantic representation of historical architectural heritage with digital modeling methods: The Aragonese Tower in Bitonto (Bari)

The ScanToBIM approach represents an established methodology for the digitization and integrated management of historic building heritage. However, the reconstruction process of building and architectural elements, especially in HBIM, is still a significant challenge, both because of the inherent geometric complexity and the need to preserve the detail and semantic coherence of the produced digital models. This paper specifically addresses the problem of semi-automated three-dimensional generation of historic architectural elements through a parametric three-dimensional genesis process. The study was applied to the Aragonese Tower of Bitonto (Bari), an imposing structure along the city's medieval wall perimeter. The tower, with a circular plan and three vaulted levels connected by fortified corridors includes late 15th-century casemates and fortifications inspired by the designs of Francesco di Giorgio Martini. Described in 1503 as one of the strongest fortresses in the Kingdom of Naples, it was later used as a prison. The proposed approach integrates artificial intelligence-based algorithms for semantic segmentation of elements and their subsequent optimization. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between surface visual information and its narrative, stylistic, and technological functions, with the classification of elements aligned with the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard. The consistent assignment of geometric and semantic data enhances the interoperability of digital models, supporting their application in the restoration and heritage management of historic buildings. The results obtained from the applied process show the possibility of integrating advanced automation and validation technologies into a complete BIM process, guaranteeing geometric correctness and the preservation of fundamental stylistic details of the historical architectural heritage in the realization of the 3D digital model.