A novel forensic protocol for age reversal facial approximation from elderly skulls using computed tomography scans, CAD techniques and anthropometric Data

This study presents a detailed protocol for reconstructing a realistic youthful face from the skull of an elderly individual, based on Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The methodology addresses critical age-related changes, including mandibular displacement, tooth loss, and the degradation of supporting bone structures. The soft tissue reconstruction adheres to current forensic anthropology standards, utilizing average soft tissue thickness measurements at key landmarks. These measurements are derived from statistical analyses of large datasets that consider factors like ethnicity, age, and Body Mass Index (BMI) to ensure accuracy. Computational workflow integrates open-source facial modeling software with advanced Computer-Aided Design (CAD) techniques typically used in prosthetic dentistry. This approach allows for the functional repositioning of the mandible and the digital reconstruction of missing dentoalveolar structures. The research relies on existing anthropometric databases, with additional soft tissue data sourced from the FACEBASE 3D database to fill any informational gaps. The effectiveness of this developed methodology was demonstrated through a case study: the forensic facial approximation of the youthful appearance of Blessed Giacomo Illirico of Bitetto, who died in 1496. This application served as a real-world test of the protocol's ability to scientifically reverse the effects of aging on facial structure, providing a scientifically grounded visualization of his younger self.