Metals Removal from Stormwater by Commercial and Non-Commercial Granular Activated Carbons

Removing dissolved metals from urban stormwater may be required to protect aquatic species in particular watersheds. This research examined the adsorption of zinc and copper on 12 granular activated carbons, of which six were obtained commercially and six were produced by thermal activation of agricultural byproducts in the laboratory. Batch studies were used to obtain single solute distribution coefficients at pH 7. Copper distribution coefficients were higher than those for zinc on each of the 12 adsorbents. Granular activated carbon (GAC) produced from nutshells was less effective than that produced from rice materials (straw and hulls). The rice-derived GACs had the highest zinc distribution coefficients, and the commercial GACs typically exhibited higher copper distribution coefficients. Distribution coefficients for zinc and copper typically were higher for the materials tested in this study than in previous research, possibly because of the lower dissolved metal concentrations used, which were chosen to represent highway stormwater. Adsorption isotherms were obtained for zinc and copper adsorption on one commercial GAC and on activated rice hulls in buffered laboratory water and in highway stormwater. The constituents in stormwater caused a reduction in sorption of zinc and copper of up to 80%. The results suggest that 1 kg of activated rice hulls could treat up to 7 m(3) of stormwater for zinc or 46 m(3) of copper before exhaustion at the 90th percentile dissolved concentrations in California highway stormwater. The higher stormwater concentration and lower GAC affinity of zinc means that this constituent typically will limit adsorption system design for removal of multiple metals from stormwater.