This dissertation is focused on the extension, refinement and validation of the Simple Lateral Mechanism Analysis (SLaMA) method for the seismic assessment of RC buildings. Suggested in the 2017 New Zealand guidelines for seismic assessment, NZSEE (2017), SLaMA is an analytical non-linear analysis technique that provides a first estimation of the global capacity curve of the primary lateral-resisting systems in RC buildings, including bare frames, cantilever walls and dual wall/frame systems. The basic idea is to progress “from local to global”, extending the local behaviour of the structural members to selected sub-schemes, and finally to the global non-linear response of the building. Inelastic torsional effects are also included. Since simplified assumptions are made, no numerical computer model is needed and hence all the calculations can be performed “by hand” (i.e. implemented in an electronic spreadsheet). The first part of this investigation is related to bare frame Lateral Resisting Systems, with the identification of potential areas of improvement for the existing SLaMA procedure and the proposal of an extended/refined one. The refined procedure for bare frames is validated through the application to a set of 40 ideal case studies and the comparison with refined numerical analyses (FEM Pushover). The results show that the refined SLaMA procedure allows to accurately identify the expected plastic mechanism of the frame, also considering the actual hierarchy of strength of its members, and to properly estimate its non-linear capacity curve with acceptable errors on the most meaningful parameters. The subsequent part of the investigation involves the development of a novel SLaMA method to evaluate the capacity curve of masonry-infilled frames systems, which represent a large portion of the building portfolio, especially in Europe. The incorporation of the contribution of the infills is completely absent in the NZSEE (2017) SLaMA framework. The methodology is based on a proposed mechanically-based procedure to decouple the frame and infills contributions to the overturning moment (and hence base shear) capacity for any value of the global displacement. The decoupling procedure is applicable regardless of the distribution of the infills and of the non-linear Axial load-Axial strain of the equivalent struts. It can be applied to post-process the results of Pushover or Time History analyses of different types of infilled frames (material-wise). Similarly to what done for bare frames, an extensive SLaMA vs numerical Pushover comparison, for a set of 72 ideal case studies, is used to validate the proposed SLaMA procedure. Part of the investigation is dedicated to dual wall/frame system structures, proposing a novel SLaMA procedure in which the coupled behaviour of the frame and wall(s) components is expressly considered, including the calculation of the exchanged forces and the concentrated moment couples due to the possible presence of link beams. By using the new SLaMA procedure it is possible to capture the non-linear behaviour of the dual system with extreme accuracy, as demonstrated with an extensive SLaMA vs numerical Pushover parametric analysis comprising 24 ideal case studies. The last step of the work is the seismic assessment of a real case study building, severely damage in the Christchurch (New Zealand) sequence of earthquakes in 2010-2011. Different analysis techniques are used to independently derive the “seismic score” of the building (capacity over demand), including: Linear Static, Linear Dynamic, Non-Linear Static (numerical Pushover and SLaMA) and Non-Linear Dynamic analyses. Firstly, this demonstrates the reliability of the SLaMA method in assessing real, complex cases by means of a cross-validation. Moreover, and perhaps more importantly, it is deemed that this comparative study demonstrates how the insights gained by using SLaMA can be used to calibrate important parameters needed when adopting other analysis techniques, or interpreting their results. Additional investigations might help in fine-tuning some of its steps but, overall, it is deemed that SLaMA constitutes a robust analysis technique that allows the assessor to really understand the behaviour of an RC building only using hand calculations, possibly implemented in a simple spreadsheet.
Il lavoro in questa tesi riguarda l’estensione, il miglioramento e la validazione della metodologia Simple Lateral Mechanism Analysis (SLaMA) per la valutazione sismica di strutture in CA. Raccomandato nelle linee guida neozelandesi del 2017 relative alla valutazione sismica, NZSEE (2017), SLaMA é un metodo di analisi non-lineare che permette di avere una stima della capacitá di strutture esistenti ed é valido per telai, pareti o sistemi misti telaio/parete. L’idea di base é procedere “dal locale al globale”, partendo dal comportamento di componenti singoli, estendendolo a specifici sottoschemi ed infine giungendo al comportamento globale dell’edificio. É anche possibile considerare gli effetti torsionali in campo non-lineare. Dato che il metodo si basa su ipotesi semplificate, non é necessario ricorrere a modelli numerici e i calcoli possono essere fatti “a mano (i.e. utilizzando un foglio elettronico). La prima parte di questo lavoro di ricerca riguarda i sistemi a telaio nudo, identificando aree di miglioramento della procedura SLaMA esistente e proponendo una procedura estesa e migliorata. Essa é stata validata attraverso la sua applicazione a 40 casi studio ideali e il confronto con i risultati di analisi numeriche raffinate (FEM Pushover). I risultati indicano che la procedura SLaMA modificata permette di identificare accuratamente il meccanismo plastico del telaio, considerando l’effettiva gerarchia delle resistenze dei suoi componenti, e di calcolarne la curva di capacitá con errori accettabili per i suoi parametri più significativi. La parte successiva del lavoro riguarda lo sviluppo di una nuova procedura SLaMA, non presente in NZSEE (2017), per sistemi a telaio tamponato, che rappresentano una cospicua parte del patrimonio edilizio, soprattutto in Europa. La nuova metodologia si basa su una procedura meccanica, proposta in questo lavoro, per disaccoppiare i contributi al taglio alla base relativi al telaio e alle tamponature, per un qualunque valore dello spostamento globale. La procedura di disaggregazione é applicabile a prescindere dalla distribuzione delle tamponature e della curva caratteristica dei puntoni equivalenti. Puó essere inoltre applicata per la post-processione dei risultati di analisi Pushover o Time History di telai tamponati. In analogia a quanto fatto per i telai nudi la procedura SLaMA é stata validata tramite confronto con i risultati di analisi Pushover per 72 casi studio. Sono stati inoltre considerati i sistemi resistenti misti telaio/parete con l’obiettivo di proporre una nuova procedura SLaMA che considerasse esplicitamente l’interazione tra la parte a telaio con quella a parete, includendo il calcolo delle forze da essi scambiate e le eventuali coppie concentrate dovute alla presenza di travi di collegamento. Con la nuova procedura SLaMA é possibile stimare il comportamento dei sistemi duali con grande accuratezza, come dimostrato da una vasta analisi parametrica (SLaMA vs Pushover) che coinvolge 24 casi studio. L’ultima parte del lavoro riguarda la valutazione sismica di un edificio realmente esistito e che ha subito notevoli danni durante la sequenza sismica di Christchurch (Nuova Zelanda) tra il 2010 e il 2011. Lo “score sismico” (capacitá fratto domanda) é stato indipendentemente valutato con diversi metodi di analisi: Lineare Statica, Lineare Dinamica, Non-Lineare Statica (Pushover e SLaMA), Non-Lineare Dinamica. In primis questo confronto incrociato dimostra l’affidabilitá del metodo SLaMA nella valutazione di casi reali complessi. Questo studio dimostra inoltre come le informazioni ottenute utilizzando SLaMA possano essere efficacemente usate per calibrare i parametri fondamentali necessari per gli altri metodi di analisi, o interpretarne i risultati. Sebbene alcuni passi della procedura possono essere calibrati in maniera piú raffinata grazie a sviluppi futuri si puó sicuramente affermare che SLaMA sia un metodo di analisi robusto. Esso é in grado di fornire al tecnico valutatore gli strumenti per comprendere i dettagli del comportamento di un edificio usando esclusivamente calcoli fatti a mano (eventualmente implementati in un semplice foglio elettronico).
Extension, refinement and validation of the Simple Lateral Mechanism Analysis (SLaMA) for the seismic assessment of RC structures / Gentile, Roberto. - (2018). [10.60576/poliba/iris/gentile-roberto_phd2018]
Extension, refinement and validation of the Simple Lateral Mechanism Analysis (SLaMA) for the seismic assessment of RC structures
Gentile, Roberto
2018-01-01
Abstract
This dissertation is focused on the extension, refinement and validation of the Simple Lateral Mechanism Analysis (SLaMA) method for the seismic assessment of RC buildings. Suggested in the 2017 New Zealand guidelines for seismic assessment, NZSEE (2017), SLaMA is an analytical non-linear analysis technique that provides a first estimation of the global capacity curve of the primary lateral-resisting systems in RC buildings, including bare frames, cantilever walls and dual wall/frame systems. The basic idea is to progress “from local to global”, extending the local behaviour of the structural members to selected sub-schemes, and finally to the global non-linear response of the building. Inelastic torsional effects are also included. Since simplified assumptions are made, no numerical computer model is needed and hence all the calculations can be performed “by hand” (i.e. implemented in an electronic spreadsheet). The first part of this investigation is related to bare frame Lateral Resisting Systems, with the identification of potential areas of improvement for the existing SLaMA procedure and the proposal of an extended/refined one. The refined procedure for bare frames is validated through the application to a set of 40 ideal case studies and the comparison with refined numerical analyses (FEM Pushover). The results show that the refined SLaMA procedure allows to accurately identify the expected plastic mechanism of the frame, also considering the actual hierarchy of strength of its members, and to properly estimate its non-linear capacity curve with acceptable errors on the most meaningful parameters. The subsequent part of the investigation involves the development of a novel SLaMA method to evaluate the capacity curve of masonry-infilled frames systems, which represent a large portion of the building portfolio, especially in Europe. The incorporation of the contribution of the infills is completely absent in the NZSEE (2017) SLaMA framework. The methodology is based on a proposed mechanically-based procedure to decouple the frame and infills contributions to the overturning moment (and hence base shear) capacity for any value of the global displacement. The decoupling procedure is applicable regardless of the distribution of the infills and of the non-linear Axial load-Axial strain of the equivalent struts. It can be applied to post-process the results of Pushover or Time History analyses of different types of infilled frames (material-wise). Similarly to what done for bare frames, an extensive SLaMA vs numerical Pushover comparison, for a set of 72 ideal case studies, is used to validate the proposed SLaMA procedure. Part of the investigation is dedicated to dual wall/frame system structures, proposing a novel SLaMA procedure in which the coupled behaviour of the frame and wall(s) components is expressly considered, including the calculation of the exchanged forces and the concentrated moment couples due to the possible presence of link beams. By using the new SLaMA procedure it is possible to capture the non-linear behaviour of the dual system with extreme accuracy, as demonstrated with an extensive SLaMA vs numerical Pushover parametric analysis comprising 24 ideal case studies. The last step of the work is the seismic assessment of a real case study building, severely damage in the Christchurch (New Zealand) sequence of earthquakes in 2010-2011. Different analysis techniques are used to independently derive the “seismic score” of the building (capacity over demand), including: Linear Static, Linear Dynamic, Non-Linear Static (numerical Pushover and SLaMA) and Non-Linear Dynamic analyses. Firstly, this demonstrates the reliability of the SLaMA method in assessing real, complex cases by means of a cross-validation. Moreover, and perhaps more importantly, it is deemed that this comparative study demonstrates how the insights gained by using SLaMA can be used to calibrate important parameters needed when adopting other analysis techniques, or interpreting their results. Additional investigations might help in fine-tuning some of its steps but, overall, it is deemed that SLaMA constitutes a robust analysis technique that allows the assessor to really understand the behaviour of an RC building only using hand calculations, possibly implemented in a simple spreadsheet.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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30 ciclo-GENTILE Roberto.pdf
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