Widely debated is the construction story of San Giovanni al Sepolcro in Brindisi which, of all the copies existing in Italy, albeit on a different scale, is one of the most faithful reproductions of the Rotunda of the Anastasis in Jerusalem. Mentioned for the first time in 1128 among the possessions of the Order of Regular Canons of the Holy Sepulchre, it is a building with a central plan with a circuit of eight columns, on which arches with irregular arches are set, which give rhythm to the space between the rotunda central (with emerging conical roof), and the ambulatory (with single-pitch roof). The singularity of the composition lies in the rectilinear wall placed to the east which, intercepting two of the eight columns, interrupts the circumference of the peribolos. The flat wall houses two small lateral apses with a semicircular section and a central niche with a quadrangular section, which is the result of the reduction of a demolished central apse. Each column, with the exception of the two cut by the flat wall, corresponds to a semi-column on the inner circle of the surrounding wall, with the particularity that the diaphragm-arches connecting the columns and semi-columns lie on converging planes in an eccentric pole. There are three access portals, located respectively in the North, South and West, one of which (the southern one) is now closed off. The general layout, the placing of two columns against the flat wall tangential to them, the three apses, the arrangement of the apse and of the accesses on the North-South / East-West axes, the eccentricity of the pole, are all elements which make credible a direct derivation of the church of San Giovanni from the compositional scheme of the Anastasis of Jerusalem. The model of inspiration for the Brindisi church is the Jerusalem building in the version rebuilt by the will of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomachus between 1042 and 1048, who resized the first Constantinian complex built between 326 and 336. As proven by evidence materials that emerged from archaeological excavations, the first complex consisted of a succession of contiguous buildings, arranged along an axis oriented from east to west: an atrium, a martyrdom basilica with five naves, a porticoed courtyard (the so-called Triportico), a rotunda -mausoleum (the so-called Anastasis) with a straight wall on the east side, with an ambulatory with twelve columns and an aedicule inside the Anastasis, but eccentric, placed to cover the sepulcher of Christ. The reference for the San Giovanni al Sepolcro of Brindisi is precisely the Byzantine re-edition, following the destruction of the original complex ordered in 1009 by the caliph al-Hakim, where the Rotunda becomes the fulcrum of the complex, deprived of the martyrdom basilica which it was decided not to rebuild. It is plausible that the image of the Rotunda memorized by pilgrims returning from the Holy Land was the isolated one, prior to 1149 (later the straight wall was demolished by the Crusaders in order to put the Anastasis in communication with the new chorus dominorum). These acquisitions seem to resolve any doubts about the thesis according to which the San Giovanni di Brindisi would have been the result of an incorrect interpretation or an unfaithful reconstruction of the ancient Gerosolimitan Rotunda considered, before the recent acquisitions, perfectly circular. It is also established that the building in Brindisi is the result of a unitary and coherent project carried out in a single phase. This is demonstrated both by the lack of caesuras on the perimeter walls, and by the constructive continuity of the elevated walls with the foundations which rest on an archaeological substratum consisting of substantial traces of a Roman domus of the imperial age, which can still be inspected, and which were found following extensive excavations undertaken between 1993 and 1995.

Ampiamente dibattuta è la vicenda costruttiva di San Giovanni al Sepolcro a Brindisi che, fra tutte le copie esistenti in Italia, seppure a scala diversa, è una fra le riproduzioni più fedeli della Rotonda dell’Anastasis di Gerusalemme. Menzionata per la prima volta nel 1128 fra i possedimenti dell’Ordine dei Canonici Regolari del Santo Sepolcro, è un edificio a pianta centrale con un circuito di otto colonne, su cui s’impostano archi a sesto irregolare, che ritmano lo spazio fra la rotonda centrale (con copertura conica emergente), e il deambulacro (con tetto ad unica falda). La singolarità della composizione sta nella parete rettilinea posta ad oriente che, intercettando due delle otto colonne, interrompe il giro del peribolo. Il muro piano accoglie, ricavate nello spessore murario, due piccole absidi laterali a sezione semicircolare ed una nicchia centrale a sezione quadrangolare, che è l’esito della riduzione di un’abside centrale demolita. Ad ogni colonna, fatta eccezione per le due tagliate dal muro piano, corrisponde una semicolonna sul giro interno deal muro d’ambito, con la particolarità che gli archi-diaframma di collegamento fra colonne e semicolonne giacciono su piani convergenti in un polo eccentrico. Tre sono i portali di accesso, posti rispettivamente a Nord, Sud ed Ovest, di cui uno (quello meridionale) ora è tamponato. L’impostazione planimetrica generale, l’addossamento di due colonne alla parete piana ad esse tangente, le tre absidi, la disposizione dell’abside e degli accessi sugli assi Nord-Sud / Est-Ovest, l’eccentricità del polo, sono tutti elementi che rendono credibile una diretta derivazione della chiesa di san Giovanni dallo schema compositivo dell’Anastasis di Gerusalemme. Il modello d’ispirazione per la chiesa brindisina è l’edificio gerosolimitano nella versione ricostruita per volontà dell’imperatore bizantino Costantino Monomaco fra il 1042 e il 1048, che ridimensiona il primo complesso costantiniano edificato fra il 326 e il 336. Come provato da indizi materiali emersi da saggi di scavo archeologico, il primo complesso era costituito dalla successione di edifici contigui, disposti lungo un asse orientato da est ad ovest: un atrio, una basilica martiriale a cinque navate, una corte porticata (il cosiddetto Triportico), una rotonda-mausoleo (la cosiddetta Anastasis) dotata di una parete rettilinea sul lato est, con deambulatorio a dodici colonne ed un’edicola all’interno dell’Anastasis, ma eccentrica, posta a copertura del sepolcro di Cristo. Il riferimento per il san Giovanni al Sepolcro di Brindisi è proprio la riedizione bizantina, successiva alla distruzione dell’originario complesso ordinata nel 1009 dal califfo al-Hakim, dove la Rotonda diventa il fulcro del complesso, privato della basilica martiriale che si decide di non riedificare. È plausibile che l’immagine della Rotonda memorizzata dai pellegrini di ritorno dalla Terra Santa, fosse quella isolata, antecedente al 1149 (in seguito la parete rettilinea viene demolita dai crociati allo scopo di mettere in comunicazione l’Anastasis con il nuovo chorus dominorum). Tali acquisizioni sembrano dirimere ogni dubbio circa la tesi secondo cui il san Giovanni di Brindisi sarebbe stato il risultato di un’errata interpretazione o di un’infedele ricostruzione dell’antica Rotonda gerosolimitana ritenuta, prima delle recenti acquisizioni, perfettamente circolare. È anche assodato che la costruzione brindisina è il risultato di un progetto compiuto unitario e coerente realizzato in un'unica fase. Lo dimostrano sia la mancanza di cesure sui muri perimetrali, sia la continuità costruttiva dei muri in elevato con le fondazioni che poggiano su un substrato archeologico costituito da consistenti tracce di una domus romana di età imperiale, tuttora ispezionabili, e rinvenute a seguito di estesi scavi intrapresi fra il 1993 e il 1995.

San Giovanni al Sepolcro a Brindisi. Un caso paradigmatico di derivazione / DE CADILHAC, R.. - In: QUADERNI DELL’ISTITUTO DI STORIA DELL’ARCHITETTURA. - ISSN 0485-4152. - STAMPA. - n.s. 2019(2020), pp. 435-440.

San Giovanni al Sepolcro a Brindisi. Un caso paradigmatico di derivazione

DE CADILHAC, R.
2020-01-01

Abstract

Widely debated is the construction story of San Giovanni al Sepolcro in Brindisi which, of all the copies existing in Italy, albeit on a different scale, is one of the most faithful reproductions of the Rotunda of the Anastasis in Jerusalem. Mentioned for the first time in 1128 among the possessions of the Order of Regular Canons of the Holy Sepulchre, it is a building with a central plan with a circuit of eight columns, on which arches with irregular arches are set, which give rhythm to the space between the rotunda central (with emerging conical roof), and the ambulatory (with single-pitch roof). The singularity of the composition lies in the rectilinear wall placed to the east which, intercepting two of the eight columns, interrupts the circumference of the peribolos. The flat wall houses two small lateral apses with a semicircular section and a central niche with a quadrangular section, which is the result of the reduction of a demolished central apse. Each column, with the exception of the two cut by the flat wall, corresponds to a semi-column on the inner circle of the surrounding wall, with the particularity that the diaphragm-arches connecting the columns and semi-columns lie on converging planes in an eccentric pole. There are three access portals, located respectively in the North, South and West, one of which (the southern one) is now closed off. The general layout, the placing of two columns against the flat wall tangential to them, the three apses, the arrangement of the apse and of the accesses on the North-South / East-West axes, the eccentricity of the pole, are all elements which make credible a direct derivation of the church of San Giovanni from the compositional scheme of the Anastasis of Jerusalem. The model of inspiration for the Brindisi church is the Jerusalem building in the version rebuilt by the will of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomachus between 1042 and 1048, who resized the first Constantinian complex built between 326 and 336. As proven by evidence materials that emerged from archaeological excavations, the first complex consisted of a succession of contiguous buildings, arranged along an axis oriented from east to west: an atrium, a martyrdom basilica with five naves, a porticoed courtyard (the so-called Triportico), a rotunda -mausoleum (the so-called Anastasis) with a straight wall on the east side, with an ambulatory with twelve columns and an aedicule inside the Anastasis, but eccentric, placed to cover the sepulcher of Christ. The reference for the San Giovanni al Sepolcro of Brindisi is precisely the Byzantine re-edition, following the destruction of the original complex ordered in 1009 by the caliph al-Hakim, where the Rotunda becomes the fulcrum of the complex, deprived of the martyrdom basilica which it was decided not to rebuild. It is plausible that the image of the Rotunda memorized by pilgrims returning from the Holy Land was the isolated one, prior to 1149 (later the straight wall was demolished by the Crusaders in order to put the Anastasis in communication with the new chorus dominorum). These acquisitions seem to resolve any doubts about the thesis according to which the San Giovanni di Brindisi would have been the result of an incorrect interpretation or an unfaithful reconstruction of the ancient Gerosolimitan Rotunda considered, before the recent acquisitions, perfectly circular. It is also established that the building in Brindisi is the result of a unitary and coherent project carried out in a single phase. This is demonstrated both by the lack of caesuras on the perimeter walls, and by the constructive continuity of the elevated walls with the foundations which rest on an archaeological substratum consisting of substantial traces of a Roman domus of the imperial age, which can still be inspected, and which were found following extensive excavations undertaken between 1993 and 1995.
2020
San Giovanni al Sepolcro a Brindisi. Un caso paradigmatico di derivazione / DE CADILHAC, R.. - In: QUADERNI DELL’ISTITUTO DI STORIA DELL’ARCHITETTURA. - ISSN 0485-4152. - STAMPA. - n.s. 2019(2020), pp. 435-440.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11589/18391
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