Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications

A water-in-diesel microwave sensor based on a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave applicator is designed and characterized in this study. The interaction between the microwave electromagnetic field and the diesel fuel contaminated with small concentrations of water is obtained via suitable radiating slots placed on the top of an SIW waveguiding structure. The SIW applicator working frequency is chosen by observing the behavior of the complex dielectric permittivity of the fuel–water blend based on a preliminary wide band investigation. The performances of the SIW microwave sensor are evaluated in terms of scattering parameter modulus jS21j as a function of the water concentration in ppm. The best sensitivity DjS21j Dr = 1.42 mdB/ppm is obtained at a frequency of f = 9.76 GHz, with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.94. The sensor is low-cost, low profile and ensures a good sensitivity for constant and real-time monitoring.