The Urban Heat Island Effect in the City of Toronto

The increasing awareness of theurban heat island (UHI) effect has raised the attention for monitoring and evaluating the outdoor thermal comfort in cities worldwide. The urban microclimate is an important factor for pedestrians' health, but it also affects the urban air quality, the energy use of buildings, citizen wellbeing, and urban sustainability. Issues related to the urban microclimate are becoming more acute in cities given the increasing rates of urban development and construction. In this paper, UHI mitigation strategies in the city of Toronto are assessed. This paper also compares different urban forms according to their orientations, height of wall enclosure, and use of vegetation. The effects of cool surfaces (on the roofs, on the street pavements, or by additional vegetation) are evaluated through numerical simulations using the software ENVI-met. After having obtained the surface temperature, outdoor air temperature, and mean radiant temperature, this study compares three urban areas according to the possible mitigation of net surface radiation and thermal radiative power. The results demonstrate that the duration of direct sun and the mean radiant temperature, which are strongly influenced by the urban form especially in denserareas of the city, play a significant role over the urban thermal comfort. This research supports a sustainable urban developmentin a cold climate, such as that of Toronto. The final scope of this paper isto suggest design strategies for a more resilient urban planning.