The “take-make-use-dispose” linear economic model is unable to reconcile, at the same time, the two opposing needs of offering sufficient productive resources to a growing world population with growing needs and of preserving the environment, in terms of reduction of both natural resource consumption and waste production. Furthermore, the challenging decarbonisation objectives set at the European level for 2030 and 2050 will hardly be achieved solely based on the energy transition. This is why, for a long time, the majority of the scientific community has been considering such a model to be no longer sustainable and has proposed the Circular Economy (CE) model as an enhanced alternative to maximize the extraction of value from products (by both extending their life cycle and promoting their shared use) in an attempt to decouple economic growth from the environmental impact. The concept of CE is most frequently represented as a combination of reduce, reuse and recycle activities and, to achieve CE, different approaches have been adopted such as Industrial Symbiosis (IS), Waste Management (WM) and the 9R framework. In this perspective, a pervasive transition to the circular production paradigm should be necessary. This work deals with the study of the reasons why, despite the circularity practices (such as IS, WM, 9R) are striving to spread throughout the global economy, the actual realization of the circularity of economic-productive flows, to date, seems however not to have been adequately developed yet it proved unable to significantly contribute to the cause of sustainable development. For these reasons, the present study aims to understand what are the strengths and critical points of the mentioned circularity approaches, with specific reference to their main common characteristics: the emergence methods, the stability of the functioning and the diffusion on a large scale. Yet, such topics seem not to have been adequately investigated in the literature. In this regard, this work proposes a comparison framework, based on transaction and production costs, between the two main approaches to circularity (IS and WM). It also proposes an integration model of IS, WM and Waste Hierarchy which adopts a perspective of complementarity between the different approaches with respect to the need to achieve circularity. With this aim, the research makes use of various data sources which it tries to coordinate and systematise because, even if available, they appear considerably fragmented. Furthermore, by posing the need to close production cycles, the circular production model highlights the importance of the procurement choice for companies that must evaluate whether to replace virgin raw materials (VRMs) with secondary raw materials (SRMs). This results in the need for circular supplies to be strategically managed perhaps even more than in the linear case. For this reason, in this study, an innovative procurement portfolio model is proposed, which builds on existing models (the Kraljic matrix) developed for the linear production paradigm, as a strategic supply management tool specifically designed for the CE domain. The proposed procurement portfolio model is aimed at supporting a better understanding of existing cases of circularity (both successful and unsuccessful) as well as decision-making to foster new circularities and to support more aware procurement decisions, so favouring the emergence of circularity. The lack of relevance so far devoted to such strategic issues might be one of the causes for the scarce scalability in both size and geographical extension that has been recognised to circular production models. The procurement portfolio model is applied to twenty case studies selected from the cases documented within the European MAESTRI project. Finally, the conclusions and further developments of the research are drawn.
Il modello economico lineare “take-make-use-dispose” non è in grado di conciliare, allo stesso tempo, le due opposte esigenze di offrire risorse produttive sufficienti ad una popolazione mondiale in crescita e con bisogni crescenti e di preservare l’ambiente, in termini di riduzione sia del consumo di risorse naturali che della produzione di rifiuti. Inoltre, gli sfidanti obiettivi di decarbonizzazione fissati a livello europeo per il 2030 e il 2050 difficilmente potranno essere raggiunti unicamente sulla base della transizione energetica. Ecco perché, da tempo, la maggior parte della comunità scientifica considera tale modello non più sostenibile e propone il modello di Economia Circolare (EC) come valida alternativa per massimizzare l’estrazione di valore dai prodotti (sia estendendone il ciclo di vita che promuovendone l’uso condiviso) nel tentativo di dissociare la crescita economica dall’impatto ambientale. Il concetto di EC viene rappresentato frequentemente come una combinazione di attività di riduzione, riutilizzo e riciclo e, per realizzare l’EC, sono stati adottati diversi approcci come la simbiosi industriale (SI), la gestione dei rifiuti (WM) e il framework delle 9R. Da questa prospettiva, sarebbe necessaria una transizione pervasiva al paradigma della produzione circolare. Questo lavoro si occupa dello studio delle ragioni per cui, nonostante le pratiche di circolarità (quali SI, WM, 9R) tendano a diffondersi nell’economia globale tuttavia l’effettiva realizzazione della circolarità dei flussi economico-produttivi, ad oggi, sembra non essersi sviluppata in modo adeguato, rivelandosi incapace di contribuire in modo significativo alla causa dello sviluppo sostenibile. Per questi motivi, il presente studio si propone di comprendere quali siano i punti di forza e le criticità dei citati approcci alla circolarità, con specifico riferimento alle loro principali caratteristiche comuni: le modalità di emersione, la stabilità del funzionamento e la diffusione su larga scala. Tuttavia, tali argomenti non sembrano essere stati adeguatamente indagati in letteratura. A questo proposito, il presente lavoro propone un quadro di confronto, basato sui costi di transazione e di produzione, tra i due principali approcci alla circolarità (SI e WM). Propone inoltre un modello di integrazione di SI, WM e Gerarchia dei Rifiuti che adotta una prospettiva di complementarità tra i diversi approcci rispetto alla necessità di realizzare la circolarità. A questo scopo la ricerca si avvale di diverse fonti di dati che cerca di coordinare e sistematizzare perché, anche se disponibili, appaiono notevolmente frammentate. Inoltre, il modello di produzione circolare, ponendo la necessità di chiudere i cicli produttivi, evidenzia l’importanza della scelta di approvvigionamento per le aziende che devono valutare se sostituire le materie prime vergini (MPV) con materie prime seconde (MPS). Ciò si traduce nella necessità di gestire strategicamente le forniture circolari, forse ancor più che nel caso lineare. Per questo motivo, in questo studio viene proposto un modello innovativo di portfolio per gli approvvigionamenti circolari, che si basa su modelli esistenti (la matrice di Kraljic) sviluppati per il paradigma di produzione lineare e che rappresenta uno strumento di gestione strategica delle forniture specificamente progettato per il dominio della EC. Il modello portfolio per gli approvvigionamenti circolari proposto è volto a supportare una migliore comprensione dei casi esistenti di circolarità (sia di successo che di insuccesso), nonché il processo decisionale per promuovere nuove circolarità e supportare decisioni di approvvigionamenti più consapevoli, favorendo così l’emersione di nuova circolarità. La scarsa rilevanza finora dedicata a tali questioni strategiche potrebbe essere una delle cause della scarsa scalabilità, sia dimensionale che geografica, riconosciuta ai modelli di produzione circolare. Il modello portfolio per gli approvvigionamenti circolari proposto è applicato a venti casi di studio selezionati tra i casi documentati nell'ambito del progetto europeo MAESTRI. Infine vengono tratte le conclusioni e proposti gli ulteriori sviluppi della ricerca.
Integrating industrial symbiosis and waste management for circularity: a framework and a circular procurement portfolio model / De Nicolo', Michele. - ELETTRONICO. - (2023). [10.60576/poliba/iris/de-nicolo-michele_phd2023]
Integrating industrial symbiosis and waste management for circularity: a framework and a circular procurement portfolio model
De Nicolo', Michele
2023-01-01
Abstract
The “take-make-use-dispose” linear economic model is unable to reconcile, at the same time, the two opposing needs of offering sufficient productive resources to a growing world population with growing needs and of preserving the environment, in terms of reduction of both natural resource consumption and waste production. Furthermore, the challenging decarbonisation objectives set at the European level for 2030 and 2050 will hardly be achieved solely based on the energy transition. This is why, for a long time, the majority of the scientific community has been considering such a model to be no longer sustainable and has proposed the Circular Economy (CE) model as an enhanced alternative to maximize the extraction of value from products (by both extending their life cycle and promoting their shared use) in an attempt to decouple economic growth from the environmental impact. The concept of CE is most frequently represented as a combination of reduce, reuse and recycle activities and, to achieve CE, different approaches have been adopted such as Industrial Symbiosis (IS), Waste Management (WM) and the 9R framework. In this perspective, a pervasive transition to the circular production paradigm should be necessary. This work deals with the study of the reasons why, despite the circularity practices (such as IS, WM, 9R) are striving to spread throughout the global economy, the actual realization of the circularity of economic-productive flows, to date, seems however not to have been adequately developed yet it proved unable to significantly contribute to the cause of sustainable development. For these reasons, the present study aims to understand what are the strengths and critical points of the mentioned circularity approaches, with specific reference to their main common characteristics: the emergence methods, the stability of the functioning and the diffusion on a large scale. Yet, such topics seem not to have been adequately investigated in the literature. In this regard, this work proposes a comparison framework, based on transaction and production costs, between the two main approaches to circularity (IS and WM). It also proposes an integration model of IS, WM and Waste Hierarchy which adopts a perspective of complementarity between the different approaches with respect to the need to achieve circularity. With this aim, the research makes use of various data sources which it tries to coordinate and systematise because, even if available, they appear considerably fragmented. Furthermore, by posing the need to close production cycles, the circular production model highlights the importance of the procurement choice for companies that must evaluate whether to replace virgin raw materials (VRMs) with secondary raw materials (SRMs). This results in the need for circular supplies to be strategically managed perhaps even more than in the linear case. For this reason, in this study, an innovative procurement portfolio model is proposed, which builds on existing models (the Kraljic matrix) developed for the linear production paradigm, as a strategic supply management tool specifically designed for the CE domain. The proposed procurement portfolio model is aimed at supporting a better understanding of existing cases of circularity (both successful and unsuccessful) as well as decision-making to foster new circularities and to support more aware procurement decisions, so favouring the emergence of circularity. The lack of relevance so far devoted to such strategic issues might be one of the causes for the scarce scalability in both size and geographical extension that has been recognised to circular production models. The procurement portfolio model is applied to twenty case studies selected from the cases documented within the European MAESTRI project. Finally, the conclusions and further developments of the research are drawn.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Integrating Industrial Symbiosis and Waste Management for Circularity: a framework and a circular procurement portfolio model
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