Primary Distribution Network Re-Energization Through Multiple Black Start Units

The increasing integration of distributed generation into distribution networks poses challenges to grid security and reliability, primarily due to the inherent intermittency and non-dispatchability of renewable energy sources (RES). Energy storage systems can mitigate these issues by enhancing RES controllability, thereby transforming them from a source of uncertainty into a flexible asset that contributes to system reliability. This study proposes a re-energization algorithm designed to exploit the microgrids (MGs) capabilities in ensuring energy supply during extreme events (e.g., blackouts). Specifically, the algorithm enables secure partitioning into network islands ensuring power balance.