Human-Centric Ergonomics in Industry 5.0: A Preliminary Literature Review

Industry 5.0 is a new manufacturing paradigm where the integration of humans and advanced technologies is aimed not only at efficiency but, above all, at the well-being of the operators. In this context, predictive ergonomics and human-centric technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), offer innovative tools to improve ergonomic conditions, reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), and decrease work stress levels, contributing to greater safety and productivity. Through real-time monitoring and analysis of physiological parameters and operating conditions, new technologies enable safer and more adaptive work environments. This study proposes a review of the literature on human-centric applications for ergonomics assessment and optimization, explore the methodologies used to prevent musculoskeletal hazards and improve operator well-being. Tools such as Digital Human Modelling (DHM), Digital Twins (DT), Learning Algorithms (ML), as well as electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), heart rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA) sensors, are used to collect biometric data, predict fatigue and optimize workstation design, allowing work conditions to be adapted to individual needs. The study highlights both the benefits and challenges of adopting these solutions and emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach to their implementation. The conclusions outline future perspectives for the adoption of smarter, safer, and human-centric working environments in line with the principles of Industry 5.0.