The integration of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks is expected to play a key role in next-generation communication systems, enabling ubiquitous connectivity and supporting the growing demand for high-capacity data transmission. In this context, Optical Feeder Links (OFLs), connecting Optical Ground Stations (OGSs) with satellites, represent a promising solution for extending terrestrial optical transport networks into space. By exploiting the large available optical bandwidth, OFLs can support data rates ranging from tens to hundreds of Gigabits per second while offering high directivity and reduced size, weight, and power requirements. However, their practical deployment is challenged by atmospheric absorption and scattering, optical turbulence, adverse weather conditions, and pointing errors, which introduce time-varying fluctuations in the received optical power and may significantly degrade link reliability and availability. This thesis investigates the analysis, design, and performance optimization of OFLs through an integrated approach combining theoretical modeling, numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, and end-to-end communication system evaluation. The main objective is to establish methodologies and tools that enable the characterization of atmospheric impairments, the experimental assessment of optical transceivers, and the evaluation of digital mitigation techniques under realistic operating conditions. First, a comprehensive numerical framework for OFL link budget analysis is developed by integrating mathematical models of the main propagation phenomena affecting optical links. The framework supports both uplink and downlink configurations and accounts for the dynamic evolution of channel conditions during satellite passes. Its validity is assessed through comparisons with experimental results reported in the literature. Furthermore, the analysis reveals limitations in conventional beam wander modeling, demonstrating the importance of accurately accounting for link geometry to obtain more reliable estimates of turbulence-induced losses and the corresponding link margins. Second, laboratory platforms are designed and implemented to emulate OFLs affected by atmospheric fading. Dedicated algorithms generate attenuation time series reproducing the statistical and temporal characteristics of turbulence-induced scintillation and pointing jitter. The resulting fading profiles are applied to commercial optical transceivers through calibrated variable optical attenuators, enabling controlled and repeatable performance evaluation. Experimental campaigns at two test facilities demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach to the assessment of optical networking equipment under emulated atmospheric impairments, including both intensity-modulated direct-detection and coherent transmission systems. Third, the thesis addresses OFL reliability through a end-to-end simulation frameworks. The proposed methodology combines physical-layer abstraction, forward error correction, and interleaving with higher-layer erasure coding to investigate their impact on communication performance. In addition to evaluating coding and interleaving strategies, an enhanced simulation framework explicitly models packet-level erasure coding and its interaction with the underlying communication stack. This enables the assessment of decoding performance, packet error rates, and the received optical power required to achieve reliable transmission under time-varying channel conditions. Overall, the original contribution of this thesis is the development of a comprehensive and complementary set of tools for the design and optimization of OFLs, bridging atmospheric propagation modeling, experimental emulation, and end-to-end communication performance assessment. The resulting framework provides a systematic basis for investigating the impact of physical channel impairments and evaluating mitigation strategies, supporting the development of reliable, high-capacity optical links for future integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks.
L’integrazione fra reti terrestri e non terrestri è destinata a svolgere un ruolo fondamentale nei sistemi di comunicazione di nuova generazione, consentendo una connettività ubiqua e rispondendo alla crescente domanda di trasmissione dati ad alta capacità. In questo contesto, i feeder link ottici (Optical Feeder Links, OFL), che connettono le stazioni ottiche terrestri (Optical Ground Stations, OGS) ai satelliti, rappresentano una soluzione promettente per estendere le reti di trasporto ottiche terrestri allo spazio. Sfruttando l’ampia banda disponibile alle frequenze ottiche, gli OFL possono supportare velocità di trasmissione comprese tra decine e centinaia di Gigabit al secondo, offrendo al contempo un’elevata direttività e requisiti ridotti in termini di dimensioni, peso e consumo energetico. Tuttavia, la loro implementazione pratica è ostacolata dall’assorbimento e dallo scattering atmosferici, dalla turbolenza ottica, dalle condizioni meteorologiche avverse e dagli errori di puntamento, che introducono fluttuazioni temporali della potenza ottica ricevuta e possono compromettere significativamente l’affidabilità e la disponibilità del collegamento. Questa tesi affronta l’analisi, la progettazione e l’ottimizzazione delle prestazioni degli OFL attraverso un approccio integrato che combina modellazione teorica, simulazioni numeriche, esperimenti di laboratorio e valutazione delle prestazioni dei sistemi di comunicazione end-to-end. L’obiettivo principale è sviluppare metodologie e strumenti che consentano di caratterizzare gli effetti delle perturbazioni atmosferiche, valutare sperimentalmente i transceiver ottici e analizzare le tecniche digitali di mitigazione in condizioni operative realistiche. In primo luogo, viene sviluppato un framework numerico completo per l’analisi del link budget degli OFL, basato sull’integrazione di modelli matematici dei principali fenomeni di propagazione che influenzano i collegamenti ottici. Il framework supporta configurazioni sia in uplink che in downlink e tiene conto dell’evoluzione dinamica delle condizioni del canale durante i passaggi satellitari. La sua validità è stata verificata mediante confronti con risultati sperimentali riportati in letteratura. Inoltre, l’analisi evidenzia i limiti dei modelli convenzionali del beam wander, dimostrando l’importanza di rappresentare accuratamente la geometria del collegamento per ottenere stime più affidabili delle perdite indotte dalla turbolenza e dei corrispondenti margini di collegamento. In secondo luogo, vengono progettate e realizzate piattaforme di laboratorio per emulare gli OFL soggetti ad attenuazione variabile dovuta agli effetti atmosferici. Algoritmi dedicati generano serie temporali di attenuazione che riproducono le caratteristiche statistiche e temporali dello scintillamento indotto dalla turbolenza e del pointing jitter. I profili di attenuazione così ottenuti vengono applicati a transceiver ottici commerciali mediante attenuatori ottici variabili calibrati, consentendo una valutazione delle prestazioni controllata e ripetibile. Le campagne sperimentali condotte presso due strutture di ricerca dimostrano l’applicabilità dell’approccio proposto alla valutazione di apparati per reti ottiche in presenza di perturbazioni atmosferiche emulate, includendo sia sistemi a modulazione di intensità con rivelazione diretta sia sistemi di trasmissione coerente. In terzo luogo, la tesi affronta il problema dell’affidabilità degli OFL attraverso framework di simulazione end-to-end. La metodologia proposta combina l’astrazione del livello fisico, la correzione degli errori in avanti (Forward Error Correction, FEC) e l’interleaving con codici di cancellazione (erasure coding) implementati a livelli superiori, al fine di valutarne l’impatto sulle prestazioni della comunicazione. Oltre ad analizzare le strategie di codifica e interleaving, un framework di simulazione avanzato modella esplicitamente la codifica a cancellazione a livello di pacchetto e la sua interazione con lo stack di comunicazione sottostante. Ciò consente di valutare le prestazioni di decodifica, i tassi di errore dei pacchetti e la potenza ottica ricevuta necessaria per garantire una trasmissione affidabile in presenza di condizioni del canale variabili nel tempo. Nel complesso, il contributo originale di questa tesi consiste nello sviluppo di un insieme completo e complementare di strumenti per la progettazione e l’ottimizzazione degli OFL, che integra la modellazione della propagazione atmosferica, l’emulazione sperimentale e la valutazione delle prestazioni della comunicazione end-to-end. Il framework risultante fornisce una base metodologica sistematica per analizzare l’impatto delle perturbazioni del canale fisico e valutare le strategie di mitigazione, contribuendo allo sviluppo di collegamenti ottici affidabili e ad alta capacità per le future reti integrate terrestri e non terrestri.
Design of optical links for integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks / Cantore, C.. - ELETTRONICO. - (2026).
Design of optical links for integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks
Cantore, Carla
2026
Abstract
The integration of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks is expected to play a key role in next-generation communication systems, enabling ubiquitous connectivity and supporting the growing demand for high-capacity data transmission. In this context, Optical Feeder Links (OFLs), connecting Optical Ground Stations (OGSs) with satellites, represent a promising solution for extending terrestrial optical transport networks into space. By exploiting the large available optical bandwidth, OFLs can support data rates ranging from tens to hundreds of Gigabits per second while offering high directivity and reduced size, weight, and power requirements. However, their practical deployment is challenged by atmospheric absorption and scattering, optical turbulence, adverse weather conditions, and pointing errors, which introduce time-varying fluctuations in the received optical power and may significantly degrade link reliability and availability. This thesis investigates the analysis, design, and performance optimization of OFLs through an integrated approach combining theoretical modeling, numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, and end-to-end communication system evaluation. The main objective is to establish methodologies and tools that enable the characterization of atmospheric impairments, the experimental assessment of optical transceivers, and the evaluation of digital mitigation techniques under realistic operating conditions. First, a comprehensive numerical framework for OFL link budget analysis is developed by integrating mathematical models of the main propagation phenomena affecting optical links. The framework supports both uplink and downlink configurations and accounts for the dynamic evolution of channel conditions during satellite passes. Its validity is assessed through comparisons with experimental results reported in the literature. Furthermore, the analysis reveals limitations in conventional beam wander modeling, demonstrating the importance of accurately accounting for link geometry to obtain more reliable estimates of turbulence-induced losses and the corresponding link margins. Second, laboratory platforms are designed and implemented to emulate OFLs affected by atmospheric fading. Dedicated algorithms generate attenuation time series reproducing the statistical and temporal characteristics of turbulence-induced scintillation and pointing jitter. The resulting fading profiles are applied to commercial optical transceivers through calibrated variable optical attenuators, enabling controlled and repeatable performance evaluation. Experimental campaigns at two test facilities demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach to the assessment of optical networking equipment under emulated atmospheric impairments, including both intensity-modulated direct-detection and coherent transmission systems. Third, the thesis addresses OFL reliability through a end-to-end simulation frameworks. The proposed methodology combines physical-layer abstraction, forward error correction, and interleaving with higher-layer erasure coding to investigate their impact on communication performance. In addition to evaluating coding and interleaving strategies, an enhanced simulation framework explicitly models packet-level erasure coding and its interaction with the underlying communication stack. This enables the assessment of decoding performance, packet error rates, and the received optical power required to achieve reliable transmission under time-varying channel conditions. Overall, the original contribution of this thesis is the development of a comprehensive and complementary set of tools for the design and optimization of OFLs, bridging atmospheric propagation modeling, experimental emulation, and end-to-end communication performance assessment. The resulting framework provides a systematic basis for investigating the impact of physical channel impairments and evaluating mitigation strategies, supporting the development of reliable, high-capacity optical links for future integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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