The large number of rupestrian settlement sited in Apulia region have had the possibility to born and to grow up also in order to the special geological and geomorphological habitat of the sites where are localised. Only in few area it is possible to have a rock that is at the same time compact, impermeable, ma easy to be dug and modelled in architectural forms Among the different Apulian sandstone only the Gravina Sandstone (Lower Pleistocene) has this sort of characters, so that the localization of large rupestrian settlement is strictly conditioned by the outcropping of this lithotype and by the geomorphological characters of the site. While some settlements appear to represent a sort of troglodytic metropolis, which extend for several kilometres and are articulated in a compact succession of overlapping levels (from 3 to 12) of numerous caves and cavities, other settlements resemble ‘villages’, made up of a limited number of caves located on the same subhorizontal level, sometimes only one or two caves. The first of these settlements, located in correspondence to the steep slopes of the gorges, are influenced by the fact that in Puglia these are located only there. The most simple settlements were founded on the ‘lame’ and on modest, subvertical fault planes and/or palaeocoastlines. These sites since their origin they have suffered for an intrinsic fragility related to their constructive technique and to the distribution of the empty zone dug in the rock masses. In this way the actual stability condition are strongly conditioned by the continuous modification of the state of stress in the sandstone rock masses; due to complex distribution and concentration of stresses in the rock as an effect of the excavation activity and of the load transmitted by the buildings.The sandstone rock has locally a low diagenesis degree and it is characterized by an high imbibitions coefficient. The detrimental micro-climate conditions has favoured chemical processes as decalcification of rock and biochemical corrosion processes; favouring loss of strength of sandstone and rock collapse and mutilations to the decorative and architectural elements. An important destabilization role is also played by rock joints due rarely to tectonic activity and more often to stress relief due the valley o to digging activity or to the applied loads. The relative movements between rocky blocks induce detrimental effect on the sites. An other detrimental effect is induced by the morphogenetic dynamics of the sub-vertical valley banks of the sites. These banks are affected by falls and toppling of rocky blocks and secondary by translation slide.

Il gran numero di insediamenti rupestri presenti nella regione pugliese hanno avuto modo di impostarsi e svilupparsi grazie anche alle particolari condizioni geologiche e geomorfologiche dei siti. Solo in poche aree è possibile avere una così larga convergenza di specifiche caratteristiche litostratigrafiche, morfostrutturali ed idrogeologiche necessarie a consentire lo sviluppo di insediamenti rupestri. Era necessario avere una roccia compatta, resistente ed impermeabile, ma al tempo stesso facile da scavare e da modellare in forme architettoniche. Fra i diversi tipi di calcarenite presenti in Puglia la sola a possedere contemporaneamente questi diversi requisiti è la Calcarenite di Gravina (Pleistoce Inferiore), così che la localizzazione e le caratteristiche urbanistico strutturali e di sviluppo degli insediamenti sono fortemente condizionati dagli affioramenti di questo litotipo e dalle caratteristiche geomorfologiche del sito. Molti siti rupestri presentano fenomeni di instabilità diffusa che hanno portato alla distruzione di parte di essi. Diverse sono le cause che inducono fenomeni di instabilità in detti siti. Essi hanno sofferto di una intrinseca fragilità dovuta alla loro tecnica costruttiva ed allo stesso schema di impianto su più livelli che da luogo ad un sovrapporsi di pieni e di vuoti nell’ammasso roccioso che può dar luogo a significative concentrazioni di sforzi anche in conseguenza degli sforzi trasmessi dalle sovrastanti costruzioni in elevazione. Un importante ruolo nei fenomeni di instabilità è esercitato dai giunti tettonici e dai rilasci tensionali connessi alla presenza di incisioni morfologiche ed all’attività di scavo. I giunti sono fra l’altro la via preferenziale di penetrazione dell’acqua all’interno dell’ammasso roccioso. La dinamica morfologica dei siti si estrinseca essenzialmente attraverso crolli e ribaltamenti e secondariamente con scoscendimenti. Da ultimo un ruolo on secondario viene esercitato dalla vegetazione. Le radici esercitano un’azione sia meccanica, che chimica di corrosione che favorisce l’infiltrazione dell’acqua.

Localizzazione e problemi di stabilità dei siti rupestri dell’area pugliese / Damiano, Grassi; Salvatore, Grimaldi; Simeone, Vincenzo. - In: GIORNALE DI GEOLOGIA APPLICATA. - ISSN 1826-1256. - 4:(2006), pp. 65-72.

Localizzazione e problemi di stabilità dei siti rupestri dell’area pugliese

SIMEONE, Vincenzo
2006-01-01

Abstract

The large number of rupestrian settlement sited in Apulia region have had the possibility to born and to grow up also in order to the special geological and geomorphological habitat of the sites where are localised. Only in few area it is possible to have a rock that is at the same time compact, impermeable, ma easy to be dug and modelled in architectural forms Among the different Apulian sandstone only the Gravina Sandstone (Lower Pleistocene) has this sort of characters, so that the localization of large rupestrian settlement is strictly conditioned by the outcropping of this lithotype and by the geomorphological characters of the site. While some settlements appear to represent a sort of troglodytic metropolis, which extend for several kilometres and are articulated in a compact succession of overlapping levels (from 3 to 12) of numerous caves and cavities, other settlements resemble ‘villages’, made up of a limited number of caves located on the same subhorizontal level, sometimes only one or two caves. The first of these settlements, located in correspondence to the steep slopes of the gorges, are influenced by the fact that in Puglia these are located only there. The most simple settlements were founded on the ‘lame’ and on modest, subvertical fault planes and/or palaeocoastlines. These sites since their origin they have suffered for an intrinsic fragility related to their constructive technique and to the distribution of the empty zone dug in the rock masses. In this way the actual stability condition are strongly conditioned by the continuous modification of the state of stress in the sandstone rock masses; due to complex distribution and concentration of stresses in the rock as an effect of the excavation activity and of the load transmitted by the buildings.The sandstone rock has locally a low diagenesis degree and it is characterized by an high imbibitions coefficient. The detrimental micro-climate conditions has favoured chemical processes as decalcification of rock and biochemical corrosion processes; favouring loss of strength of sandstone and rock collapse and mutilations to the decorative and architectural elements. An important destabilization role is also played by rock joints due rarely to tectonic activity and more often to stress relief due the valley o to digging activity or to the applied loads. The relative movements between rocky blocks induce detrimental effect on the sites. An other detrimental effect is induced by the morphogenetic dynamics of the sub-vertical valley banks of the sites. These banks are affected by falls and toppling of rocky blocks and secondary by translation slide.
2006
Localizzazione e problemi di stabilità dei siti rupestri dell’area pugliese / Damiano, Grassi; Salvatore, Grimaldi; Simeone, Vincenzo. - In: GIORNALE DI GEOLOGIA APPLICATA. - ISSN 1826-1256. - 4:(2006), pp. 65-72.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11589/9114
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