Biological and biomedical systems present characteristics that make them equivalent to complex mechanical systems. In this thesis, the research conducted on two different fields of biomechanics is presented. In the first part, the effects of low intensity ultrasound on cancer cells were studied. Several studies show that heat, cavitation and hyperthermia induced by ultrasound can produce anticancer effects. In addition, low intensity ultrasound therapy can play a positive role in the treatment of cancer by causing damage to the cancer cells membrane, inducing apoptosis and improving the effect of anticancer drugs. In this paper, the effects of low intensity ultrasound on two particular tumour cell lines are presented: the osteosarcoma MG63 and the U937 lymphoma. MG63 osteosarcoma cells were sonicated for 180 seconds at fixed frequencies between 400 and 1,000 kHz. Results showed that mortality of MG-63 cells reached values of over 60% for 1,000 kHz frequency. Furthermore, monitoring cellular behaviour after ultrasound treatment showed that the treatment has effects on cell proliferation even after sonication. Interesting results were also obtained on U937 cell line, for which the treatment with fixed frequency ultrasound at 1 MHz resulted in a cell mortality of over 80%. In the second part of this work the mechanical behaviour of orthodontic aligners was studied. The aligners are medical devices able to produce the movement of one or more teeth through a number of steps decided by the orthodontist. In particular, two different aspects of the mechanical behaviour of these devices have been considered. First, the specific pressures exerted by the aligners on the teeth and the areas on which these pressures are applied were considered. Results showed that pressures exerted by the aligner are not uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the tooth and that, for different aligners made on the same model, the areas of forces application were not identical, since they were influenced by factors resulting from the production processes. A second study investigated the dimensional stability of the aligners after applying dynamic stress in vivo and static stress in vitro. Three different materials typically used for making the aligners (PET-G, PET and SmartTrack®) were tested. The effects of dynamic stress produced in vivo were evaluated by having a patient wear the three different aligners over a two-week period. The effects of static stress were assessed by subjecting the aligners to a static load using a testing machine. The tested aligners were scanned and measured, in order to evaluate their dimensional stability after different types of stress. Results showed that the PET aligners appeared to have the lowest deformation percentage, while the PET-G and SmartTrack® aligners showed a reduced deformation going from the back to the front area. Finally, contact with human saliva seemed to induce greater deformation.
I sistemi biologici e biomedici presentano delle caratteristiche tali da renderli a tutti gli effetti assimilabili a dei sistemi meccanici complessi. In questo lavoro di tesi si presentano le ricerche condotte in due diversi ambiti di studio della biomeccanica. Nella prima parte, sono stati studiati gli effetti degli ultrasuoni a bassa intensità sulle cellule tumorali. Diversi studi dimostrano che il calore, la cavitazione e l'ipertermia indotti dagli ultrasuoni possono produrre effetti antitumorali. Inoltre, la terapia ad ultrasuoni a bassa intensità può svolgere un ruolo positivo nella cura del cancro causando danni alla membrana delle cellule tumorali, inducendo l'apoptosi e migliorando l'effetto dei farmaci anticancro. In questo lavoro vengono presentati gli effetti degli ultrasuoni a bassa intensità su due particolari linee cellulari tumorali: l'osteosarcoma MG63 ed il linfoma U937. Le cellule di osteosarcoma MG63 sono state sonicate per 180 secondi a frequenze fisse comprese tra 400 e 1.000 kHz. I risultati hanno mostrato che la mortalità delle cellule MG-63 raggiungeva valori pari a oltre il 60% per valori di frequenza pari a 1.000 kHz. Inoltre, il monitoraggio del comportamento cellulare dopo il trattamento con ultrasuoni ha mostrato che il trattamento produce effetti sulla proliferazione cellulare anche dopo la sonicazione. Risultati interessanti sono stati ottenuti anche sulla linea cellulare U937, per la quale il trattamento con ultrasuoni a frequenza fissa a 1 MHz ha determinato una mortalità cellulare pari a oltre l'80%. Nella seconda parte di questo lavoro è stato studiato il comportamento meccanico degli allineatori ortodontici. Gli allineatori sono dispositivi medici in grado di produrre il movimento di uno o più denti attraverso una serie di passaggi decisi dall'ortodontista. In particolare, sono stati considerati due diversi aspetti del comportamento meccanico di questi dispositivi. In primo luogo, sono state considerate le pressioni specifiche esercitate dagli allineatori sui denti e le aree dove vengono applicate tali pressioni. I risultati hanno mostrato che le pressioni esercitate dall'allineatore non sono distribuite uniformemente su tutta la superficie del dente e che, per diversi allineatori realizzati su uno stesso modello, le aree di applicazione delle forze non erano identiche, poiché influenzate da fattori risultanti dai processi di fabbricazione. Un secondo studio ha investigato la stabilità dimensionale degli allineatori dopo l'applicazione di stress dinamico in vivo e stress statico in vitro. Sono stati testati tre diversi materiali tipicamente utilizzati per la realizzazione degli allineatori (PET-G, PET e SmartTrack®). Gli effetti dello stress dinamico prodotto in vivo sono stati valutati facendo indossare ad un paziente i tre diversi allineatori per un periodo di due settimane. Gli effetti dello stress statico, invece, sono stati valutati sottoponendo gli allineatori ad un carico statico mediante macchina di prova. Gli allineatori testati sono stati scansionati e misurati al fine di valutare la loro stabilità dimensionale dopo i diversi tipi di sollecitazioni. I risultati hanno mostrato che gli allineatori PET sembrano avere la più bassa percentuale di deformazione, mentre gli allineatori PET-G e SmartTrack® mostrano una deformazione ridotta che va dalla zona posteriore a quella anteriore. Infine, è stato dimostrato che il contatto con la saliva umana induce una maggiore deformazione.
Mechanical aspects of biological and biomedical systems / Cianci, Claudia. - ELETTRONICO. - (2020). [10.60576/poliba/iris/cianci-claudia_phd2020]
Mechanical aspects of biological and biomedical systems
Cianci, Claudia
2020-01-01
Abstract
Biological and biomedical systems present characteristics that make them equivalent to complex mechanical systems. In this thesis, the research conducted on two different fields of biomechanics is presented. In the first part, the effects of low intensity ultrasound on cancer cells were studied. Several studies show that heat, cavitation and hyperthermia induced by ultrasound can produce anticancer effects. In addition, low intensity ultrasound therapy can play a positive role in the treatment of cancer by causing damage to the cancer cells membrane, inducing apoptosis and improving the effect of anticancer drugs. In this paper, the effects of low intensity ultrasound on two particular tumour cell lines are presented: the osteosarcoma MG63 and the U937 lymphoma. MG63 osteosarcoma cells were sonicated for 180 seconds at fixed frequencies between 400 and 1,000 kHz. Results showed that mortality of MG-63 cells reached values of over 60% for 1,000 kHz frequency. Furthermore, monitoring cellular behaviour after ultrasound treatment showed that the treatment has effects on cell proliferation even after sonication. Interesting results were also obtained on U937 cell line, for which the treatment with fixed frequency ultrasound at 1 MHz resulted in a cell mortality of over 80%. In the second part of this work the mechanical behaviour of orthodontic aligners was studied. The aligners are medical devices able to produce the movement of one or more teeth through a number of steps decided by the orthodontist. In particular, two different aspects of the mechanical behaviour of these devices have been considered. First, the specific pressures exerted by the aligners on the teeth and the areas on which these pressures are applied were considered. Results showed that pressures exerted by the aligner are not uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the tooth and that, for different aligners made on the same model, the areas of forces application were not identical, since they were influenced by factors resulting from the production processes. A second study investigated the dimensional stability of the aligners after applying dynamic stress in vivo and static stress in vitro. Three different materials typically used for making the aligners (PET-G, PET and SmartTrack®) were tested. The effects of dynamic stress produced in vivo were evaluated by having a patient wear the three different aligners over a two-week period. The effects of static stress were assessed by subjecting the aligners to a static load using a testing machine. The tested aligners were scanned and measured, in order to evaluate their dimensional stability after different types of stress. Results showed that the PET aligners appeared to have the lowest deformation percentage, while the PET-G and SmartTrack® aligners showed a reduced deformation going from the back to the front area. Finally, contact with human saliva seemed to induce greater deformation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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