This research project stems from the need to support the ongoing industrialisation of 3D printing. The aim is to move beyond using it solely for prototyping and to view it as a production technology that can potentially be integrated into manufacturing contexts characterised by high variability, customisation and the need for rapid reconfiguration. The focus is on the post-printing phases in particular, which are often less formalised but crucial for the usability of the manufactured part: detachment from the print bed, removal of supports, and assembly. Adopting a human-centred perspective of Industry 5.0, the research develops a framework for analysing and reconfiguring post-processing in human–cobot collaboration environments. The aim is to transform real experimental data into a structured knowledge base, enabling the development of an intelligent decision-support system capable of identifying the most suitable operational scenario involving the operator, the cobot, and the hybrid human–robot collaboration (HRC) configuration. In this approach, machine learning is not the core contribution, but rather a potential future extension made possible by the quality of the constructed database. The thesis is based on laboratory simulations conducted in a real-world cell comprising a 3D printer, a collaborative robot (cobot) and a workbench. The layout was kept fixed to ensure experimental comparability, even under constrained operating conditions. The study sample includes six types of workpiece from the automotive and transportation sectors. These were organised into seven simulations, which were deliberately selected to be heterogeneous in terms of geometry, composition, the presence of supports and handling challenges. While these cases have no direct practical application, they serve an academic and experimental purpose, aiming to construct a robust comparative framework. The analysis involves breaking down the workflow into three operational phases and comparing scenarios involving humans only, cobots only, and humans and cobots, in order to evaluate phase and cycle times, as well as the conditions that make the use of the anthropomorphic robot advantageous or not. A central methodological contribution is the definition of a procedure linking experimental observation, data structuring, qualitative synthesis and software implementation. The case studies are therefore described not only in terms of observed times, but also via summary indicators relating to the geometric, compositional and manipulative nature of the workpiece. This allows us to move beyond a purely temporal interpretation of the process. The developed model can be interpreted as a technical environment that collects, organises, compares, and presents process data in a structured form. It produces two outputs: a description of the part and identification of the optimal operational scenario. The findings confirm that collaboration with the cobot is not a universally advantageous solution, but rather a selective, targeted resource that is effective only in certain phases and under specific conditions. In this approach, it follows that the operator retains overall control of the system, while the cobot provides specialised support and high performance.
Il presente lavoro di ricerca nasce dall’esigenza di accompagnare la progressiva industrializzazione della stampa 3D, superandone l’impiego esclusivamente prototipale e interpretandola come tecnologia produttiva potenzialmente integrabile in contesti manifatturieri caratterizzati da elevata variabilità, personalizzazione e necessità di riconfigurazione rapida. L’interesse è rivolto in particolare alle fasi successive alla stampa, spesso meno formalizzate ma decisive per la reale utilizzabilità del manufatto: distacco dal letto di stampa, asportazione dei supporti e assemblaggio. La ricerca si colloca nella prospettiva human-centred dell’Industry 5.0 e sviluppa un framework per l’analisi e la riconfigurazione di post-processing in ambienti di collaborazione uomo–cobot con l’obiettivo di trasformare dati sperimentali reali in una knowledge base strutturata per rendere approcciabile un possibile sistema intelligente di supporto decisionale, capace di identificare lo scenario operativo più idoneo tra operatore, cobot e configurazione ibrida HRC. In questa impostazione, il machine learning non rappresenta il nucleo centrale del contributo, ma una possibile estensione successiva, resa praticabile dalla qualità informativa della base dati costruita. La tesi si fonda su simulazioni laboratoriali condotte in una cella reale costituita da stampante 3D, cobot e banco di lavoro mantenendo fisso il layout per garantire confrontabilità sperimentale anche in condizioni operative vincolate. Il campione di studio comprende sei tipologie di manufatti provenienti dai settori automotive e trasporti, articolati in sette simulazioni complessive, selezionate in modo volutamente eterogeneo per geometria, composizione, presenza di supporti e criticità manipolative. Tali casi non assumono un valore applicativo diretto, ma una funzione accademica e sperimentale finalizzata alla costruzione di un impianto comparativo robusto. L’analisi è sviluppata attraverso la scomposizione del workflow in tre fasi operative e mediante il confronto tra scenari solo uomo, solo cobot e uomo–cobot, così da valutare non soltanto i tempi di fase e di ciclo, ma anche le condizioni che rendono realmente conveniente, o no, l’impiego del robot antropomorfo. Un contributo metodologico centrale consiste nella definizione di una procedura che collega osservazione sperimentale, strutturazione del dato, sintesi qualitativa e implementazione software. In questa logica, i casi studio vengono descritti non solo attraverso i tempi osservati, ma anche tramite indicatori sintetici riferiti alla natura geometrica, compositiva e manipolativa del manufatto, così da superare una lettura puramente temporale del processo. Il modello sviluppato va interpretato come un ambiente tecnico capace di raccogliere, organizzare, confrontare e restituire in forma strutturata i dati di processo, producendo come output sia la descrizione del pezzo sia l’individuazione dello scenario operativo migliore. Le evidenze ottenute confermano che la collaborazione con il cobot non costituisce una soluzione universalmente vantaggiosa, ma una risorsa selettiva e mirata, efficace solo in determinate fasi e condizioni. Ne deriva una lettura nella quale l’operatore mantiene la regia operativa del sistema, mentre il cobot assume una funzione di supporto specialistico e prestazionale.
Riconfigurazione rapida in ambiente collaborativo dei processi produttivi di stampa 3D per la produzione automotive / Scibilia, Sergio. - ELETTRONICO. - (2026).
Riconfigurazione rapida in ambiente collaborativo dei processi produttivi di stampa 3D per la produzione automotive
SCIBILIA, SERGIO
2026
Abstract
This research project stems from the need to support the ongoing industrialisation of 3D printing. The aim is to move beyond using it solely for prototyping and to view it as a production technology that can potentially be integrated into manufacturing contexts characterised by high variability, customisation and the need for rapid reconfiguration. The focus is on the post-printing phases in particular, which are often less formalised but crucial for the usability of the manufactured part: detachment from the print bed, removal of supports, and assembly. Adopting a human-centred perspective of Industry 5.0, the research develops a framework for analysing and reconfiguring post-processing in human–cobot collaboration environments. The aim is to transform real experimental data into a structured knowledge base, enabling the development of an intelligent decision-support system capable of identifying the most suitable operational scenario involving the operator, the cobot, and the hybrid human–robot collaboration (HRC) configuration. In this approach, machine learning is not the core contribution, but rather a potential future extension made possible by the quality of the constructed database. The thesis is based on laboratory simulations conducted in a real-world cell comprising a 3D printer, a collaborative robot (cobot) and a workbench. The layout was kept fixed to ensure experimental comparability, even under constrained operating conditions. The study sample includes six types of workpiece from the automotive and transportation sectors. These were organised into seven simulations, which were deliberately selected to be heterogeneous in terms of geometry, composition, the presence of supports and handling challenges. While these cases have no direct practical application, they serve an academic and experimental purpose, aiming to construct a robust comparative framework. The analysis involves breaking down the workflow into three operational phases and comparing scenarios involving humans only, cobots only, and humans and cobots, in order to evaluate phase and cycle times, as well as the conditions that make the use of the anthropomorphic robot advantageous or not. A central methodological contribution is the definition of a procedure linking experimental observation, data structuring, qualitative synthesis and software implementation. The case studies are therefore described not only in terms of observed times, but also via summary indicators relating to the geometric, compositional and manipulative nature of the workpiece. This allows us to move beyond a purely temporal interpretation of the process. The developed model can be interpreted as a technical environment that collects, organises, compares, and presents process data in a structured form. It produces two outputs: a description of the part and identification of the optimal operational scenario. The findings confirm that collaboration with the cobot is not a universally advantageous solution, but rather a selective, targeted resource that is effective only in certain phases and under specific conditions. In this approach, it follows that the operator retains overall control of the system, while the cobot provides specialised support and high performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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