Active Thermal Cooling Benefits on Photovoltaic Modules Performance and Thermal Degradation

Photovoltaic (PV) energy represents a prominent choice among renewable energy sources thanks to the great availability of primary source, low installation cost, and technological ripeness. However, thermal degradation is one of the main factors causing the performance of photovoltaic panels to decline over time. Among the degradation factors, the thermal effect has been demonstrated crucial, caused by the climate change as well. Therefore, recent research has focused heavily on reducing thermal degradation and improving performance by means of cutting-edge solutions for PV modules. In this context, the present work assesses the impact on the performances and thermal degradation of a PV-thermal (PV/T) module equipped with an active hydronic cooling system. The methodology is based on the principle of electro-thermal energy balance of the system, where numerical simulations are carried out to quantify the improvement in electrical performance and the recoverable thermal energy obtained by the PV/T system. Downstream, a thermal degradation comparison between PV and PV/T systems is carried out through Held's equation, considering static and cycling operating temperature effects. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the influence of tank storage volume size on PV/T thermal and electrical energy production and thermal degradation. The behaviour of the two technological solutions is assessed over a yearly horizon on three different locations characterised by as many weather features.